Soil Quality Enhancement and Growth Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L., Var. PMJ-01) to Liquid Organic Fertilizer Application in a Greenhouse System
Keywords:
soil quality, growth response, Oryza sativa, liquid organic fertilizer, greenhouseAbstract
In the context of supporting the national food security program, increasing rice productivity should be directed toward the use of environmentally friendly fertilizers that can reduce dependence on synthetic chemical inputs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on vegetative growth, yield performance, and soil quality of rice variety PMJ-01. The research was conducted in a greenhouse located in Jotosanur, Lamongan, using 13 treatment combinations of LOF 3 ppm concentration and application frequency. The observed parameters included plant height, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, yield per clump, as well as soil quality indicators measured by pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content. The results showed that treatments P2 and P4 produced the best vegetative growth in terms of plant height, while treatments P2, P6, and P10 resulted in the longest panicles. The highest 1000-grain weight was obtained in treatments P2 and P11, whereas yield per clump significantly increased under treatments P2 and P11. Application of LOF 7 ppm also improved soil quality, particularly by increasing soil pH, although the levels of macronutrients (N, P, K) remained below the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Thus, LOF has the potential to be an alternative to chemical fertilizers in rice cultivation. Therefore, developing LOF formulations with additional macronutrients is necessary to support increased productivity and sustainability of rice farming systems.
Downloads
References
Abduh, A. M., Masganti, M., Sari, N. N., Haris, A., Ifansyah, H., & Mulyawan, R. (2024). Organic and Biofertilizers as Replacements for Synthetic Fertilizers to Increase Rice Yield in Tidal Swamp. Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology, 8(4), 470–479.
Abeysekara, I., & Rathnayake, I. (2024). Global Trends in Rice Production, Consumption and Trade. Consumption and Trade (April 29, 2024).
Amandaria, R., Darma, R., Zain, M. M., Fudjaja, L., Wahda, M. A., Kamarulzaman, N. H., Bakheet Ali, H., & Akzar, R. (2025). Sustainable Resilience in Flood-Prone Rice Farming: Adaptive Strategies and Risk-Sharing Around Tempe Lake, Indonesia. Sustainability, 17(6), 2456.
Ambarita, D. D. M., Jingga, A., Fitriatin, B. N., & Simarmata, T. (2025). Synergistic effect of biofilm-forming biofertilizers and ameliorants for enhancing fertilizer efficiency and maize agronomic traits on acidic soils. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 26(7).
Birla, D. S., Malik, K., Sainger, M., Chaudhary, D., Jaiwal, R., & Jaiwal, P. K. (2017). Progress and challenges in improving the nutritional quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(11), 2455–2481.
Connor, M., Malabayabas, A. J. B., de Guia, A. H., Wehmeyer, H., Pame, A. R. P., Htwe, N. M., Zhong, X., Fu, Y., Liang, K., & Pan, J. (2023). Environmental, social, and economic challenges in lowland rice production. In Closing rice yield gaps in Asia: Innovations, scaling, and policies for environmentally sustainable lowland rice production (pp. 27–92). Springer.
Davidson, D., & Gu, F. X. (2012). Materials for sustained and controlled release of nutrients and molecules to support plant growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(4), 870–876.
Farooq, M. S., Majeed, A., Ghazy, A., Fatima, H., Uzair, M., Ahmed, S., Murtaza, M., Fiaz, S., Khan, M. R., & Al-Doss, A. A. (2024). Partial replacement of inorganic fertilizer with organic inputs for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield, and decreased nitrogen losses under rice-based systems of mid-latitudes. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 919.
Farooq, M. S., Wang, X., Uzair, M., Fatima, H., Fiaz, S., Maqbool, Z., Rehman, O. U., Yousuf, M., & Khan, M. R. (2022). Recent trends in nitrogen cycle and eco-efficient nitrogen management strategies in aerobic rice system. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 960641.
Fei, L., Pan, Y., Ma, H., Guo, R., Wang, M., Ling, N., Shen, Q., & Guo, S. (2024). Optimal organic-inorganic fertilization increases rice yield through source-sink balance during grain filling. Field Crops Research, 308, 109285.
Ghosh, D., Brahmachari, K., Skalický, M., Roy, D., Das, A., Sarkar, S., Moulick, D., Brestič, M., Hejnak, V., & Vachova, P. (2022). The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers influence the weed growth, productivity and soil fertility of monsoon rice. PloS One, 17(1), e0262586.
Gondal, A. H., Hussain, I., Ijaz, A. B., Zafar, A., Ch, B. I., Zafar, H., Sohail, M. D., Niazi, H., Touseef, M., & Khan, A. A. (2021). Influence of soil pH and microbes on mineral solubility and plant nutrition: A review. International Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(1), 71–81.
Hossain, M. E., Shahrukh, S., & Hossain, S. A. (2022). Chemical fertilizers and pesticides: Impacts on soil degradation, groundwater, and human health in Bangladesh. In Environmental degradation: Challenges and strategies for mitigation (pp. 63–92). Springer.
Jingqing, W., Yaliang, W., Yulin, C., Huizhe, C., Jing, X., Yikai, Z., Zhigang, W., & Yuping, Z. (2025). Progress on physiological mechanisms of rice spikelet degeneration at different panicle positions caused by abiotic stress. Rice Science, 32(2), 193–202.
Kugbe, J. X., Wuni, M., Alhassan, M. H., & Maganoba, C. (2019). Increase in the use of organic fertilizers as complements to inorganic fertilizers in maintenance of soil fertility and environmental sustainability. World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science, 4(1), 1–4.
Kumar, A., Dhyani, B. P., Rai, A., & Kumar, V. (2017). Effect of timing of vermicompost application and different level of NPK on growth, yield attributing characters and yield of rice in rice-wheat cropping system. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(5), 2034–2038.
Kumar, N., Chhokar, R. S., Meena, R. P., Kharub, A. S., Gill, S. C., Tripathi, S. C., Gupta, O. P., Mangrauthia, S. K., Sundaram, R. M., & Sawant, C. P. (2022). Challenges and opportunities in productivity and sustainability of rice cultivation system: A critical review in Indian perspective. Cereal Research Communications, 50(4), 573–601.
Kumar, V., Singh, P., Sharma, J., Saini, S., Sharma, P., & Sharma, A. (2023). Rice straw management through biofuel, biochar, mushroom cultivation, and paper production to overcome environmental pollution in North India. Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 5(4), 483–510.
Li, Y., Koopal, L. K., Tan, W., Chai, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, C., & Tang, X. (2022). Effect of humic acid on lysozyme interaction with montmorillonite and kaolinite. Science of The Total Environment, 834, 155370.
Liang, X., Yu, S., Ju, Y., Wang, Y., & Yin, D. (2025). Integrated management practices foster soil health, productivity, and agroecosystem resilience. Agronomy, 15(8), 1816.
Maffia, A., Oliva, M., Marra, F., Mallamaci, C., Nardi, S., & Muscolo, A. (2025). Humic substances: Bridging ecology and agriculture for a greener future. Agronomy, 15(2), 410.
Mariyono, J. (2018). Productivity growth of Indonesian rice production: Sources and efforts to improve performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(9), 1792–1815.
Meena, V. S., Maurya, B. R., Meena, S. K., Meena, R. K., Kumar, A., Verma, J. P., & Singh, N. P. (2017). Can Bacillus species enhance nutrient availability in agricultural soils? In Bacilli and agrobiotechnology (pp. 367–395). Springer.
Moe, K., Moh, S. M., Htwe, A. Z., Kajihara, Y., & Yamakawa, T. (2019). Effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and growth parameters of rice varieties. Rice Science, 26(5), 309–318.
Mulyani, O., Sofyan, E. T., Citraresmini, A., & Husen, A. Y. (2025). Enhancing sustainable rice production through organic plus fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields. Kultivasi, 24(2).
Neina, D. (2019). The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019(1), 5794869.
Pahalvi, H. N., Rafiya, L., Rashid, S., Nisar, B., & Kamili, A. N. (2021). Chemical fertilizers and their impact on soil health. Microbiota and Biofertilizers, Vol 2: Ecofriendly Tools for Reclamation of Degraded Soil Environs, 1–20.
Pandey, N. (2018). Role of plant nutrients in plant growth and physiology. In Plant nutrients and abiotic stress tolerance (pp. 51–93). Springer.
Rajput, R., Pokhriya, P., Panwar, P., Arunachalam, A., & Arunachalam, K. (2019). Soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and crop response to organic amendments in rice cropping system in the Shiwaliks of Indian Himalayas. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 8(1), 73–85.
Riddech, N., Ngo, M. N., Boonlue, S., Dongsansuk, A., Santanoo, S., & Theerakulpisut, P. (2025). Physical and Chemical Properties Evaluation of Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOFs) and Their Effects on Promoting Rice Growth. Sustainability, 17(7), 3087.
Safa, M. A. I. (2016). Peramalan Curah Hujan di Kabupaten Lamongan dengan Menggunakan ARIMA Box-Jenkins. PhD Thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Sani, M. N. H., & Yong, J. W. H. (2021). Harnessing synergistic biostimulatory processes: A plausible approach for enhanced crop growth and resilience in organic farming. Biology, 11(1), 41.
Shaji, H., Chandran, V., & Mathew, L. (2021). Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients. In Controlled release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture (pp. 231–245). Elsevier.
Shen, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, H., Lin, H., Li, G., Li, M., Tan, D., Gao, W., Jiao, S., & Liu, P. (2023). Effects of macromolecular organic acids on reducing inorganic phosphorus fixation in soil. Heliyon, 9(4).
Wang, J., Yang, X., Huang, S., Wu, L., Cai, Z., & Xu, M. (2025). Long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increases crop yield sustainability by improving soil fertility in maize–wheat cropping systems. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 24(1), 290–305.
Wardani, P. S. (2024). Identifikasi Pengaruh ENSO terhadap Perubahan Iklim dan Produksi Padi di Kabupaten Lamongan Menggunakan Copula Extreme Value Theory. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Widiana, A., Wijaya, C., & Atmoko, A. W. (2022). The challenges of food security policy in Indonesia: Lesson learned from Vietnam, India, and Japan. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 33, 1.
Xu, H., Zhong, G., Lin, J., Ding, Y., Li, G., Wang, S., Liu, Z., Tang, S., & Ding, C. (2015). Effect of nitrogen management during the panicle stage in rice on the nitrogen utilization of rice and succeeding wheat crops. European Journal of Agronomy, 70, 41–47.
Yadav, B. K., & Sidhu, A. S. (2016). Dynamics of potassium and their bioavailability for plant nutrition. In Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture (pp. 187–201). Springer.
Zhang, J., Wen, J., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Peng, Z., Tang, C., Wang, Y., Su, S., Zhang, N., & Zeng, X. (2023). Effects of five–year inorganic and organic fertilization on soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus resupply for plant P uptake during maize growth. Agriculture, 13(4), 858.
Zhang, Y., Ye, C., Su, Y., Peng, W., Lu, R., Liu, Y., Huang, H., He, X., Yang, M., & Zhu, S. (2022). Soil Acidification caused by excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer aggravates soil-borne diseases: Evidence from literature review and field trials. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 340, 108176.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 AGRORADIX : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
