BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MANDARIN: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES AMONG INDONESIAN TEXTBOOKS

Indonesian students in senior high school in the language program found it difficult to make both English interrogative sentences and Mandarin interrogative sentences. To assist the English and Mandarin teachers in overcoming the problem, a contrastive study of both English and Mandarin interrogative sentences needs to be investigated. Hence, this article purposes to reveal the similarities and differences between English and Mandarin interrogative sentences found in Indonesian textbooks used by teachers. Qualitative descriptive research was used by describing both similarities and differences. The result generates several similarities and differences in interrogative sentences between English and Mandarin. Both languages are similar because they both have five kinds of interrogative sentences which have the same meaning and required similar answers. Among five types of interrogative sentences in English or Mandarin, some of them use several predicates and object simultaneously in one question. The use of the auxiliary verb in English and Mandarine's interrogative sentence is dissimilar. In English interrogative sentences, auxiliary verbs are used accord with the tenses used, while in Mandarin they are not. Besides, auxiliary verbs in English interrogative sentences must precede the subject, but in Mandarin, they are at the end of the sentence.


INTRODUCTION
Language is needed in daily conversation to express feelings and actions. People can not communicate without Language as a tool of communication, communication is very important in human life, making interaction and all sorts of activities in the community will not be smooth without Language. Similarly, through language, the culture of a nation can be shaped, nurtured, developed, and handed down to the following. The Language there was used as a means to convey ideas, thoughts, passions, and desires to others. The point is that humans can express ideas, thoughts of cravings, and desires to others by using the Language so that it is understandable to everyone and will continue to evolve following the development of science.
English is the international language derived from the Germanic Language family. People from diverse backgrounds geography, religion, and culture, use English to communicate with each other. Indonesian society in general now can use English to communicate. As a foreign language, learners learn English syntax is complex. Zahro (2018) stated that learners' Syntactic mastery of a second language (L2) or foreign language is much more complex including English and Mandarin.
In addition, Mandarin or Putonghua is the most widely used language in China. Mandarin is the Official Language of the People's Republic of China (PRC) that comes from clumps of Sino-Tibetan. At present, the Chinese Language became one of the Languages used for very rapid growth in Indonesia after English. Therefore, the Indonesian people are very interested in not only knowing but also learning the Mandarin language. The existence of Mandarin has also been recognized in the world internationally and as one of the official languages used by the United Nations.
Mandarin comes from the Qing Dynasty founded by the Manchu. In ancient times (Qing Dynasty), the Mandarin Language was only spoken by officials (official=daren大人; Manchu officials= man daren 满大人). Therefore foreigners call this Language an official language of the Manchu (man daren满大人), which was better known as Mandarin. (Kristina, et. Al., 2014) Both English and Mandarin are studied by students in the language program of Indonesian senior high school as the mandatory language to master. Both also have similar and different sentence formations. have an interrogative sentence that implies a question to obtain the answer from the parties asked including interrogative sentences. A preliminary study showed that students in language programs found it difficult to make an interrogative sentence both in English and Mandarin. In general, the characteristics of the interrogative sentence are using rising intonation in spoken language, the question words, and the question mark at the end of the sentence. But the difference is still unknown. The study to reveal the difference is known as contrastive linguistics analysis.
Contrastive linguistics is a study that examines the language differences and inequalities between two languages or more (Tarigan, 1987:226). Thus, the differences and similarities between the two languages, both in grammar or other aspects of linguistics can be examined and learned especially for those who want to learn a particular language. There is a linguistic problem that contrastive analysis cannot reveal, that is the difficulties from incomplete learning, or inadequate understanding, of the structure of the second or foreign language. The contrastive analysis assumes that the main causes or even the sole cause of difficulty and error in learning a second or foreign language are interference from the learner's native or other languages they learned. It has been shown, however, that a large proportion of learner's errors is the result of interference from previously taught second language material. Indonesian learners who learn English and Mandarin found those difficulties based on the previous study.
Based on the problem above, the need for examining English and Mandarin as both foreign languages for Indonesian learners is inevitably an important investigation. Contrastive analyses between English and Mandarin are expected to result in possible contrasts between both languages illustrated. The paper aims to compare English and Mandarin interrogative sentences. The result of this study is expected to be beneficial for the English and Mandarin teachers, especially in the language program of senior high school to overcome interference problems that can occur between learning both languages.

LITERATURE REVIEW Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks something. In other words, it is a question. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark which makes it easy to find. Along with the other types of sentences like declarative and exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences make up the common parts of conversations. By using interrogative sentences, speakers can do a lot of different things like getting information, making requests or suggestions, etc. Among many types of grammar, the one that is considered quite problematic in question, especially interrogative sentences. English interrogative sentence is quite problematic, the interrogative sentence of Mandarin is followed the basic word order subjectverb-object. This article is expected to be able to compare interrogative sentences in English and Mandarin

Interrogative Sentence in English
There are several types of sentences asked in English. In general, the question sentence is formed by placing auxiliary verbs, such as can, will, shall, may, should, could, might, is, am, are, do, does, have, has, and had to precede the subject of the sentence. According to Azar (2016), there are five types of Interrogative sentences in English. That is Yes/No question, WH question, negative question, alternative question, and affirmative question. 1) Yes/No Question Yes/No Question is an interrogative sentence that can be answered with yes or no that usually begins with auxiliary verbs. 2) WH Question WH Question is an interrogative sentence that required to use of wh-words and is answered with yes or no. The wh-words are when, where, why, how, who, whom, whose, what, and which.

3) Negative Question
The purpose of using this sentence is to state intent or attitude. This sentence has a similarity with the yes/no question because it only requires a yes/no answer but is presented in a negative question. However, the difference with the yes/no question is to use the negation word "not" after the auxiliary.

4) Alternative Question
An alternative question is an interrogative sentence that offers an alternative to the person being asked. This question should be answered by choosing the alternatives offered. This interrogative sentence is often so-called the "or" question because it always uses the word "or". This type of question also uses auxiliary verbs placed in front of the subject 5) Affirmation Question An affirmation question is used to ask the listener to agree with his or her opinion.

4) 选择问句 (Xuan Ze Wen Ju)
Using word 还是 (hai shi) which aims to ask a choice and can also be inserted as a question word in this type of sentence.

Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is used to compare two or more synchronous languages to find differences. In linguistics, contrastive analysis can be in the form of a comparison of certain elements which are seen from the differences between two or more languages as the comparison object. The study of contrastive analysis with mother tongue and second or foreign language can be found in many studies intended to describe differences in the rule between the two languages.
The contrastive analysis can deal with two important aspects, the linguistic and psycholinguistics aspects. Linguistic aspects related to the issue of the comparison of the two languages. In this case, two important considerations are needed to make (1) what will be compared, and (2) how they are compared. The procedures of contrastive analysis in syntax are comparing the grammatical form of two languages to identify their differences. The differences between the two languages are analyzed and can be used as a foundation to predict language learning difficulties or problems faced in learning second or foreign languages

Research Design
Qualitative research presents the data and research in the form of qualitative description. Analysis of this type is done with words to describe the conclusion, so the qualitative study obtains the descriptive data either spoken or written. Qualitative research focuses on examining how deep the researcher's knowledge of the interaction among concepts is examined. Descriptive qualitative research is designed to obtain information concerning the status of phenomena and it is directed to determine a situation. The purpose of this study is to describe two components of language. They are the English and Mandarin interrogative sentences. The purpose of descriptive qualitative research is more descriptive than predictive to understand a research object in-depth. Therefore, this study employed a contrastive study of English and Mandarin to describe the comparison of the interrogative sentence of both languages.

Data and Data Sources
The data used in the research are interrogative sentences in English and Mandarin. In this research, the researcher takes the data as data sources from several books, papers, words and sentences, and the internet written in English and Mandarin. Some English books used are

Data Collection Techniques
To collect data the researcher reads some English and Mandarin books and other relevant texts. Therefore, the technique used in this study is an observation by reading text. The data collection techniques were conducted as follows: 1) reading some book or text several times to observe the word formation in English and Mandarin, 2) studying the sentences to find the suitable data, 3) writing down the data found and, 4) Coding the data.

Data Analysis Techniques
The data were analyzed through contrastive analysis to find the similarities and the differences in interrogative sentences between English and Mandarin. Contrastive analysis is a procedure of comparison of the languages to identify the differences between both languages in terms of their interrogative sentences. The researcher tries to find out the similarities and the differences between English and Mandarin interrogative sentences by contrasting the two languages through certain categories. The category is similar to the types of interrogative sentences found in both languages as described in the results and discussions.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the result of research on interrogative sentences in English and Mandarin, the researcher found similarities and differences in both foreign languages. It was found by the researcher that there are five types of queries in English and Mandarin language where the purpose and meaning of the use are the same the five types of interrogative sentence is: Based on the result of the above research, the similarities and differences of interrogative sentences in English and mandarin accord with the five types above. The comparison of both types of interrogative sentences in English and mandarin is discussed in the next section respectively.

Yes/No Question or是非问句 (Shifei Wen Ju)
In Mandarin four characteristics include the type of this question. To see the similarities and differences between interrogative sentences in English and mandarin, especially in yes/no questions, below is the comparison between both sentences. Four characteristics of Mandarine Yes-No questions are as the following: 1. The question with 吗 (ma) as an interrogative word This type of question placed an interrogative word 吗 (ma) at the end of the sentence and ended with a question mark. The response to this question is about the uncertain answer. 2. The question with 好吗 hao ma / 行吗 xing ma / 可以吗 ke yi ma / 对吗 dui ma interrogative words The answers given to this question accord with a refusal.

The question with an interrogative tone
This type of question does not require "吗" (ma), but simply uses the interrogative tone and ends with the question mark. 4. The question with (吧ba).
The characteristic of this question is ending a sentence with (吧ba) followed by a question mark. This type of question is used if the answer given is a definite answer. The similarities and differences between the yes/no question in English and Mandarin can be compared below. It can be seen from the above comparisons that the second example is the same. The answers to both second examples are "yes" and "no. In contrast, the differences found were as follows. First, the auxiliary verb in an English question is always placed at the beginning of the sentence, is preceded by the subject, and functions as an interrogative word. The auxiliary verbs used in English yes/no questions are different. It is affected by any action on the question. If the question does not contain an action, then the auxiliary verb used is "is, am, are". The second difference is the question word particles used in Mandarin are 吗 (ma) 对吗 (dui ma), and 可以吗 (keyi ma) at the end of the sentence. Third, the difference found was in the arrangement pattern between English and Mandarin.

WH Question or特指问句(tezhi wen ju)
This type of interrogative sentence also has similarities to the previous Question, that sentence requires particles and terminated the symbol '? '. There are some things to note when using this question, among others, are: 1) Particle 吗 (ma) cannot be used in this type of question and sentence.

2)
Particles 哪儿/什么 and 怎么 (naer/shen me/zen me) can only be used in this type of question.

3)
Other particles like 啊 or 呢 (a or ne) can be used at the end of the sentence asked. Both of these particles is aiming to form tone interrogative.

4)
Particle 呢 (ne) can not be used at the end of a sentence.

5)
Placement of pronouns can be placed on the subject, predicate, and object as if the pronoun is functioning to ask something. Similar to the yes/no question, the English wh-question also always uses the auxiliary verb that is placed before the subject of the sentence, unless the sentence with the word question and asked about the subject as in "who". The following are the comparisons of wh-questions in English and Mandarin. First, the auxiliary verb in English remained placed after wh-words. While in Mandarin, interrogative particles like 吗 (ma), 对吗 (dui ma), and 可以吗 (keyi ma) can not be used. Second, the wh-word used in English consist of nine words: who, what, where, whom, whose, which, why, when, and how, while the wh-words used in Mandarin are three: namely哪儿… 啊 (naer ... a), 什么 (shen me), and 怎样 (zen me yang). The third difference is the placement of whwords. In English, wh-words are always placed at the beginning of the sentence, while in Mandarin, the wh-words can be placed in the subject, predicate, and object. Fourth, the sentence pattern is different in English and Mandarin. The fifth difference is the usage of the predicate and the object in more than one question in a sentence in Mandarin.

Negative Questions or证反问句(zheng fan wen ju)
Mandarin predicate of the negative questions is using two interrogative particles: 不 (bu) and 是不是 (shibushi). In addition to the two particles, three particles can also be used i.e. particles 好不好 (haobuhao), 行不行 (xingbuxing), and 对不对 (dui bu dui). There are a few criteria for negative questions in Mandarin as follows. 1. The verb with particle should be placed after the subject.
2. Particle 吗 (ma) should not be used in this type of question and sentence. 3. Adverbs/extra words should not be used in a sentence this question. This is caused by the double verbs as the interrogative words. 4. Particles 呢 (ne), and 啊 (a) can be used to emphasize interrogative intonation. 5. Particle 是不是 (shibushi) can be used in all sentences because the particles described questions and are placed after the subject or at the beginning of the sentence. The comparison of negative questions between English and Mandarin can be seen in Table 6 below. Based on the three negative questions above, it was found similarities and differences between negative questions in English and Mandarin. First, both of them are negative questions Based on the question above, the answer can be four options as below. 1) 都买doumai, to answer that he bought the book. 2) 都不买doubumai, to answer that he does not buy the book.
3) As with the other question, the sentence particle 吗(ma) should not be used in this type of question because conjunction 还是 (haishi) functions to ask a choice. 4) Particle 呢 (ne) or 啊 (a) can be put at the end of a sentence that generates interrogative intonation. The comparison of alternative questions between English and Mandarin can be seen in Table 8 below. Based on the comparison above, the similarity found are 1) both English and Mandarin contain options in the alternative questions, 2) both languages use predicate and object in more than one, and 3) both languages users may use interrogative words such as in English, whwords or auxiliary words can be used, while in Mandarin, the word 是 (haishi) can be used. On the other hand, differences are found in the use of interrogative words. auxiliary verbs and particles. In English, the auxiliary verbs must be placed in the front of the alternative question, while in Mandarine, the word particles in Mandarine alternative question should not be used.

Tag question or反问句(fan wen ju)
In Mandarin, a tag question is a question to ask for approval or denial of a state without an answer. The characteristics of this question in Mandarin is using certain particle, like 啊哪儿 (naer ... a) and 是吗 (bushi...ma). The data for tag question examples in Mandarin are as below: It is found of ag questions in Mandarin must follow the following rules: 1) particle哪儿 (naer) and 不是 (bush) should be placed before the emphasis part in which啊 particle (a) and 吗 (ma) can be placed at end of a sentence, and 2) a word or phrase can be placed between the particle 哪儿。。阿 (naer ... a) and 不是。。吗 (bushi ... ma) as in 您是校长吗? (ninbushixiaozhang ma?) while the word 校长 (xiaozhang) can be placed between the conjunction 不是。。吗 (bushi ... ma). In Mandarin, tag questions can be used in all types of sentences only by adding a question mark placed at the end of the sentence.
Tag question in Mandarin has special uses; 1) when the conjunction 哪儿。阿(naer .. a) is used as a question without an answer, an emphasis on tone conjunction should be done. 2) the preceding use is also applied to the conjunction不是。。吗(bushi ... ma), 3) particle 是 (shi) is used only once when the particle described the verb and the particle pair after 不是 (bushi), 4) the purpose of using of particles不是。。吗 (bushi ... ma) is asked to affirm a question that is given, 5) if particles 不是 (bushi) placed before the subject, then that sentence pattern is subject and predicate.
Below are examples of the comparison of tag questions in English and Mandarin The similarities of tag questions found in English and Mandarin are that the tag question existed in both English and Mandarin, and the answers can be "yes" and "no" or other answers of approval or denial. On the contrary, the difference of tag question in English and Mandarin are 1) the use of the English auxiliary verb can be more than once, while in Mandarin, using only two particles, interrogative words i.e. 不是。。吗(bushi...ma) and 哪儿。。啊 (naer ... a), and 2) to make English tag questions, users must follow some rules, while there are no rules to form a tag question in Mandarin.

CONCLUSION
After the discussion above, some conclusions about the comparison of interrogative questions between English and Mandarin can be drawn that both English and Mandarin have five types of interrogative questions with the same meaning. Those five types are Yes/No question, wh-question, negative question, alternative question, and affirmative question. In the